Bahadir Kasap, A John van Opstal

In dynamic visual or auditory gaze double-steps, a brief target flash or sound burst is presented in midflight of an intervening eye-head gaze shift. Behavioral experiments in humans and monkeys have indicated that the subsequent eye- and head movements to the target are goal-directed, regardless stimulus timing, first gaze-shift characteristics, and initial conditions. This remarkable behavior requires that the gaze-control system (i) has continuous access to accurate signals about eye-in-head position, and ongoing eye-head movements, (ii) that it accounts for different internal signal delays, and (iii) that it is able to update the retinal (TE) and head-centric (TH) target coordinates into appropriate eye-centered and head-centered motor commands on millisecond time scales. As predictive, feedforward remapping of targets cannot account for this behavior, we propose that targets are transformed and stored into a stable reference frame as soon as their sensory information becomes available. We present a computational model, in which recruited cells in the midbrain Superior Colliculus drive eyes and head to the stored target location through a common dynamic oculocentric gaze-velocity command, which is continuously updated from the stable goal, and transformed into appropriate oculocentric and craniocentric motor commands. We describe two equivalent, yet conceptually different, implementations that both account for the complex, but accurate, kinematic behaviors and trajectories of eye-head gaze shifts under a variety of challenging multi-sensory conditions, such as in dynamic visual-auditory multi-steps.